Microsomia is a medical condition, categorized by the underdevelopment of one side of the face. Most commonly, the underdeveloped part of the face corresponds to the structures derived from the first and second branchial arches, including the mandible (lower jawbone), and the external and middle ear. The term ‘microsomia’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘micros’, translating to ‘small’, and ‘soma’, which stands for ‘body’. This term then, loosely translates to ‘small body’.
It is important to note that microsomia can occur in various degrees of severity, and its impact is unique in every individual. The term ‘hemifacial microsomia’, also synonymous with ‘craniofacial microsomia’ and ‘oto-mandibular dysostosis’, more accurately reflects the condition’s effects because it depicts the underdevelopment of the half-side of the face.
The causes of microsomia are not fully understood. Some theories propose a vascular disruption in the blood supply to the developing facial structures during gestation. Genetic factors could also contribute to the condition, but overall, it seems to be a sporadic event, with most cases reported with no clear family history of the disorder.
Diagnosis is typically made at birth because the physical characteristics are quite visible. However, due to the broad spectrum of severities and variations of the condition, the diagnosis could be delayed in milder cases. Diagnoses are made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays and CT scans, and occasionally genetic testing.
The treatment strategy for microsomia is multifaceted, interdisciplinary, and usually extends into adolescence to match facial growth. Treatment involves a team of medical professionals such as plastic surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, audiologists, and speech-language pathologists.
Treating microsomia is not only aimed at improving physical appearance but also functional abilities such as hearing, speech, and jaw movement. Among the range of treatments available, one of the most noteworthy is hemifacial microsomia surgery.
Hemifacial microsomia surgery refers to a host of surgical treatments aimed at correcting the asymmetry and underdevelopment associated with microsomia. The timing and type of the surgery largely depend on the severity of the condition and the child’s age. Options can include reconstructive surgery of the jaw and midface, ear reconstruction, soft tissue augmentation, and orthognathic surgery.
Despite the physical and functional challenges presented by microsomia, with early diagnosis, proper medical intervention, and a strong support system, individuals with the condition can lead quality lives with improved functionality and self-esteem.
Therefore, microsomia is more than just a condition of ‘small body’. It is a comprehensive developmental anomaly that calls for a multidisciplinary approach treatment approach and extended medical care. Among these therapeutic strategies, hemifacial microsomia surgery stands as a critical component that significantly improves the quality of life for affected individuals.